Chapter2

** Chapter 2  ** ** The mass (kg) of each element in 100kg of hot metal; ** · Fe – 94.9  · C – 4.55  · Si – 0.25  ·  Mn – 0.3 **In the converter process we make steel with the composition;** Fe with 0.05% C and 0.1% Mn. **The amount of kg of each element oxidised taking Fe – efficiency into account; which is 98%** //** (so 2% of the iron is oxidised during the process.) **// · Fe = 0.98% x 94.9kg = 93kg (94.9kg – 93kg = 1.9kg oxidised ) · C = 0.05% x 4.55kg 0.23kg (4.55kg – 0.23kg 4.32kg oxidised ) · Mn = 0.1% x 0.3kg = 0.03kg (0.1kg - 0.03kg = 0.27kg oxidised )  ** The amount of steel produced in kg 93kg + 0.23kg + 0.03kg = 93.26kg **  ** The amount of energy that is generated during the process is: ** • From Fe: 4.3 X 1.9 = 8.17 • From C: 11.7 X 4.32 = 50.54 • From Si: 33.9 X 0.25 = 8.47 • From Mn: 7.4 X 0.27 = 1.99

** The amount of energy used in natural gas a year per household is: ** 2000m  ³  x 32 Mg = 64 000 Mg <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">³ <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> ** An average Dutch household uses 2000 m3 natural gas a year. Combustion of natural gas produces 32 MJ/m3. **

How much energy is used in natural gas a year per household? = 32 X 2000= 64000 MJ


 * The energy produced from how many kg of hot metal is equivalent to the energy used in natural gas of one household? **

= 64000/70.7664 =  904.4 kg **The combustions of Carbon generated carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide which leave the process as waste gasses.** = 1395700 / 1000 = 1395.7Kj
 * If 45% of the heat generated by the C combustions will leave the process through the waste gasses what will be the temperature of the liquid steel? ** = 2083.5 degrees celsius
 * If we want to melt 1 kg of scrap and heat it to 1650°C how much energy is required? **

**How many kg of scrap can be melted with the 100 kg of hot metal making steel of 1650°C?** = 19.9kg


 * How many kg of steel are produced? ** = 113.1kg

**If we want to make 320 tons of this steel how many tons of hot metal and scrap are required? =** 263 .7 tons of hot metal and 56.3 tons of scrap


 * How many cubic meters of steel are that? ** 320 divided by 7 = 45.7m cubed

**Suppose a steel ladle has an internal diameter of 4 meters. What is the required height of the ladle if the steel surface must be 50 cm below the top of the ladle?**

= pi r². Thus: 3.1415 X 2² = 3.1415 X 4 = 12.56 cm<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">². (bottom surface of ladle) **The volume form our last question was 45.71m cubed. Height of cylinder** = 45.71 / 12.56 =  3.69m <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> ³ **Then the height of the ladle must be 3.69m + 0.5m for spillage** = 4.14
 * The surface of the bottom of the ladle is**